ABSTRACT
Since its discovery, myostatin (MSTN) has been at the forefront of muscle therapy research because intrinsic mutations or inhibition of this protein, by either pharmacological or genetic means, result in muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia. In addition to muscle growth, MSTN inhibition potentially disturbs connective tissue, leads to strength modulation, facilitates myoblast transplantation, promotes tissue regeneration, induces adipose tissue thermogenesis and increases muscle oxidative phenotype. It is also known that current advances in gene therapy have an impact on sports because of the illicit use of such methods. However, the adverse effects of these methods, their impact on athletic performance in humans and the means of detecting gene doping are as yet unknown. The aim of the present review is to discuss biosynthesis, genetic variants, pharmacological/genetic manipulation, doping and athletic performance in relation to the MSTN pathway. As will be concluded from the manuscript, MSTN emerges as a promising molecule for combating muscle wasting diseases and for triggering wide-ranging discussion in view of its possible use in gene doping.
Desde sua descoberta, a miostatina (MSTN) entrou na linha de frente em pesquisas relacionadas às terapias musculares porque mutações intrínsecas ou inibição desta proteína tanto por abordagens farmacológicas como genéticas resultam em hipertrofia muscular e hiperplasia. Além do aumento da massa muscular, a inibição de MSTN potencialmente prejudica o tecido conectivo, modula a força muscular, facilita o transplante de mioblastos, promove regeneração tecidual, induz termogênese no tecido adiposo e aumenta a oxidação na musculatura esquelética. É também sabido que os atuais avanços em terapia gênica têm uma relação com o esporte devido ao uso ilícito de tal método. Os efeitos adversos de tal abordagem, seus efeitos no desempenho de atletas e métodos para detectar doping genético são, contudo, desconhecidos. O objetivo da presente revisão de literatura foi discutir biossíntese, variantes genéticas, manipulação genética e farmacológica, e doping relacionado à via da MSTN. Como será concluído do manuscrito, a MSTN emerge como uma molécula promissora para combater doenças atróficas musculares e para gerar muitas discussões devido à sua possível utilização em doping genético.
Subject(s)
Dosage/analysis , Dosage/classification , Myostatin/analysis , Genes , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Athletic Performance/classificationABSTRACT
El uso de sustancias prohibidas en el deporte con el propósito de incrementar el rendimiento en las competencias deportivas ha provocado que los organismos internacionales en el ámbito deportivo, como el COI y la WADA, traten de tomar medidas en contra del dopaje. Uno de los métodos más recientes de dopaje es el denominado dopaje genético, definido como el uso no terapéutico de genes, elementos genéticos y/o células que tienen la capacidad de incrementar el rendimiento atlético. Ahora bien, el dopaje genético no es fácil de detectar y puede tener consecuencias graves. Es necesario usar técnicas de biología molecular para conocer la diferencia entre un genoma normal y un genoma alterado, desarrollar métodos analíticos y moleculares en los laboratorios de control del dopaje y trabajar en políticas apropiadas para evitar el uso no terapéutico de genes.
The use of illegal substances in sports to enhance athletic performance during competition has caused international sports organizations such as the COI and WADA to take anti doping measures. A new doping method know as gene doping is defined as [quot ]the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance[quot ]. However, gene doping in sports is not easily identified and can cause serious consequences. Molecular biology techniques are needed in order to distinguish the difference between a [quot ]normal[quot ] and an [quot ]altered[quot ] genome. Further, we need to develop new analytic methods and biological molecular techniques in anti-doping laboratories, and design programs that avoid the non therapeutic use of genes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Doping in Sports/methods , Gene Transfer Techniques , Muscle, Skeletal/growth & developmentABSTRACT
This paper explores the existing gene doping problems of athletes in bioethical aspect,describes the development of gene doping,and points out that strengthening the anti-doping education,further improving legal system and strengthening an effective supervision and anti-doping research are main focus of anti-doping work currently.